Free Essays: Frankenstein and the Enlightenment :: Frankenstein essays

Numerous individuals state that Mary Shelley's Frankenstein postdates the Enlightenment; that it is a thinking back on the social wonder after its fruition, and a first questionable response to the development. I should oppose this idea. There is no after the Enlightenment. A progress doesn't just quit learning. Where is where somebody stands up and says, OK, that is sufficient Enlightening until further notice, I believe we're useful for an additional couple of hundreds of years? For better or for more awful, the Enlightenment is as yet going on today. As the Information Age progresses, we proceed to imagine and assemble. Investigation presently reaches to the profundities of the seas and the closer districts of room. We peer past the iota, past the sub-nuclear molecule, digging ever more profound into the privileged insights of science to locate that extreme point where it meets with reasoning. The inquiry is: would we like to? The image on the front of our release of Frankenstein is Joseph Wright of Derby's An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump - a proper scene, not just for how it reviews Shelley's psychological state, yet additionally for how well it outlines decisively that question about the Enlightenment the novel was composed to communicate. All around a table, at which a logical test that hurts a living animal is being directed, are situated different individuals of contrasting social positions, and comparatively varying responses to the current occasion. A couple of curious youngsters look on anxiously, a terrified lady dismisses her head in servile frightfulness, a little youngster gazes fearfully, uncertain of what to think. That little youngster is us. What's more, founded on what we find noticeable all around siphon, we should choose whether we will end up being the scared lady or the intrigued men. I discover little space to question that Shelley is attempting to ingrain some feeling of dread in her peruser. For not exclusively does Victor Frankenstein despise his own creation - and let us not be mixed up, crafted by the specialist is without question an image for the bigger assemblage of work of all Enlightenment researchers, looking for information they don't comprehend so as to perform undertakings recently thought inconceivable - yet the creation curses himself too, talking about the oddity of his appearance and conceding openly to having adamantly done fiendishness. Maybe in Shelley's brain this is for sure unspeakable. As far as concerns me, instead of view Frankenstein's beast as a side effect of the potential dread coming about because of the advances of Enlightenment science, I look on it as an indication as one of the advances made by Enlightenment theory.

An in-Depth Analysis of the Use of Specific Musical Concepts in Correlation to the Romantic Period free essay sample

The Romantic Era was a time of extraordinary change and liberation. It moved away from severe laws by permitting imaginative opportunity, experimentation and innovativeness. Sentimental music advanced from thoughts built up in before periods, for example, the traditional period, and went further using articulation and enthusiasm. New melodic ideas advanced because of current patterns and the music was profoundly close to home and nationalistic. Melodic ideas including test out, tone shading and elements and expressive strategies each express the style of the Romantic time frame in varying manners. These ideas are exemplified through Nocturne and Valse, both by Chopin. Nocturne and Valse are both genuinely expressionistic pieces run of the mill of the sentimental period, composed by Chopin, an eminent writer of the time. Through Chopin’s solid utilization of expressive procedures and elements, he shows his inventiveness and experimentation, which was a typical inspiration for arrangers of the time. This is embodied through his immense utilization of crescendos, decrescendos, complements and varying volume levels including piano (delicate), mezzo strong point (respectably boisterous), pianissimo (delicate) and specialty (noisy). The Nocturne starts at a volume level of piano, which communicates sentiments of tenderness. All through bars 1-9, the music stays in piano however with the event of crescendos and diminuendos. Authors the same would every now and again use elements to inspire enthusiastic attributes that they expected to communicate. The related volume levels were simply outcomes of the sentiments. In bar 17, a crescendo paves the way to the specialty in bar 18. This uproarious beginning of music communicates sentiments of solidarity or predominance. Frequently arrangers of the sentimental period would utilize ornamentation in their tunes to make them progressively many-sided, fascinating and expressive. While keeping up the general melodic form, trimmings influence the pitch by adding new notes to the tune and furthermore influence the mood by making it busier. Decorative methods in the Nocturne and Valse incorporate Trills, acciaccaturas and quick expressions of semi and demisemi shakes. Demisemi shakes A significant trait of Romantic music included sharp complexities between black out murmurs and sonorities of extraordinary force. As the Nocturne finishes up, it encounters an uproarious strength appearing differently in relation to a decrease in power, when the piece arrives at pianissimo in the last 3 bars. The Valse encounters a wide scope of elements and expressive methods, with most bars containing a unique characteristic or something to that affect. This delineates the ascent and fall in force and uplifts feelings for the audience. The piece starts at a volume level of mezzo strong point, yet inside the following bar is quickly bringing down with the utilization of a decrescendo. This is the start of the huge utilization of expressiveness that is heard through the piece. The Valse encounters limits for instance in bar 55, the volume level of strength increments to a sforzando in bar 56. This appears differently in relation to bar 66, which changes to pianissimo. Chopin’s Nocturne is likewise described by pitch. His melodic structures were in every case profoundly unique and intelligent. Inclination for tune like tunes developed in the Romantic Period and this is exhibited by Chopin in the Nocturne. The piece opens with a legato tune containing agile upwards steps, which become more extensive as the line unfurls. The noteworthy tune of the piece starts in bars 2-4. This tune is heard again all through the piece and with every redundancy, is differed by significantly increasingly expound trimmings and beautifying tones. This is appeared in bars 10-12, 31-33 and 39-41. The character of the song can be comprehended as it is played with legato explanation. This emphatically represents a feeling of perfection and stream. As the Nocturne is played with legato enunciation, this makes more opportunity and articulation. The Valse notwithstanding, is played with Tempo Giusto. This implies it is considerably more severe as it must be played in specific time. This doesn't take into account variety, in contrast to the Nocturne, which is normal with dances. The smooth character of the Nocturne and Valse is additionally connected with the consideration of sostenuto verbalization. The noisy pedal makes a covering impact, which adds to the idea of the piece. The sort of layer relationship appeared in both the Nocturne and Valse is homophonic. They comprise of a prevailing melodic layer joined by subordinate consonant layers. Numerous writers of this time, went after incredibly high or low sounds. This was looking for expanded brightness and profundity in sound. All through the Nocturne the messed up harmonies in the bass range from generally high to low pitch with the least note, a f, in bar 8 and the most noteworthy, an a#, in bar 37. The treble encounters a comparative sort of pitch design, with notes running from mid pitch to high pitch, which can be found in bars 30-37 of the piece. Sentimental writers delighted in rich and erotic sound, utilizing tone shading to get assortment of disposition and climate. At no other time had timbre been so significant. Writers looked for better approaches for mixing and joining tone hues to accomplish the most impactful and serious sound. The Piano, the most loved instrument of the sentimental age, was limitlessly improved during the 1820s and 1830s. The piano’s tone turned out to be more ‘singing’. Its range was additionally broadened. With a more grounded instrument, the musician could create progressively stable. Need to make more sounds from the piano is featured in bars 36 †end of 37. Demonstrating the authors utilization of 8va. Additionally more extensive scope of keys additionally added to the articulations, which were so common of the time. Various timbres can be made in various manners. Contributing elements to the streaming timbre of the Nocturne can incorporate, utilization of the damper pedal, the fluctuating registers and playing methods. Inside the nocturne and the valse, the thickness is thickened by the damper pedal. The utilization of the damper (boisterous) pedal permitted a resonant mix of tones from all registers of the piano. This pedal is proceeded all through pretty much each and every bar of the pieces and enhances the tones sounded. Pedal markings The moving registers, as referenced above, bit by bit differ the timbre. In the lower register the timbre is smooth and hoarse. In the center register the nature of sound is unadulterated and in the upper register, the sound turns out to be very high and singing. The center register feels generally great. The upper and lower registers are typically limits, which was getting progressively normal during the sentimental period. Inside the Valse, the piece encounters components of both lower and upper registers, yet by and large through advance like examples and not abrupt jumps. This is a case of the streaming timbre of the piece. The Nocturne encounters step-like examples too, however in the bass the notes are at rather enormous interims, contrasted with the Valse. Playing strategies are an enormous segment in the timbre of a piece. A few procedures in the Nocturne incorporate accents, which includes a somewhat stressed striking of a key and legato playing, which empowers a smooth association starting with one note then onto the next. Case of a highlight The splendor of the sound delivered, alluded to as sonic gloss, can be delineated in pieces. The sonic gloss of the pieces can be portrayed as warm and wealthy in parts and furthermore clear and delectable all through most bars. The nocturne contains smooth timbral characteristics however when the volume is at an extraordinary it influences the sonic shine. This is likewise comparative in the Valse, for instance when it comes to up to sforzando and down to pianissimo. Through breaking down Chopin’s Nocturne and Valse, with the entwining of the three melodic ideas, there is a feeling of union. Elements and expressive methods, pitch and tone shading all connection together to make fascinating and expressive pieces. Along these lines a wide range of parts of the ideas consolidate together and this is appeared previously. The two pieces additionally gigantically look like the style of the sentimental period, as Chopin was one of the best and most persuasive authors of the time.

Contributions of Karen Horney to Psychology

Contributions of Karen Horney to Psychology History and Biographies Print Contributions of Karen Horney to Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 19, 2019 Bettmann/Getty Images More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Best Known For Timeline of Horney's Life Early Life Career Major Contributions Selected Works Biographies Further Reading View All Back To Top Karen Horney (pronouned hor-neye) was a neo-Freudian psychologist known for her theory of neurotic needs, her research on feminine psychology, and her critiques of Freuds emphasis on the concept of penis envy. In addition to this, she made important contributions to the areas of self-psychology and her emphasis on the role that self-analysis and self-help play in mental health. Life itself still remains a very effective therapist. â€" Karen Horney Best Known For Feminine psychologyTheory of neurotic needsNeo-Freudian psychology Brief Timeline of Karen Horneys Life September 16, 1885 - Born in Germany.1906 - Entered medical school.1909 - Married law student Oscar Horney.1911 - Horneys mother died.1926 - Horney left her husband and moved to the U.S.1942 - Published Self-AnalysisDecember 4, 1952 - Died Early Life Karen Horney dealt with depression early in life. She described her father as a strict disciplinarian and was very close to her older brother, Berndt. When he distanced himself from her, Horney became depressed, a problem she would deal with throughout her life. Horney devoted herself to school, believing that, If I couldnt be pretty, I decided I would be smart. She began medical school in 1906 and married a law student named Oskar Horney in 1909. The death of her mother and then brother in 1911 and 1923 were extremely difficult for Horney. In 1926, Horney left her husband and in 1930 moved to the United States with her three daughters, Brigitte, Marianne, and Renate. It was here that she became friends with other prominent intellectuals and developed her theories on psychology. Career, Theories, and Critique of Freud Karen Horney developed a theory of neurosis that is still prominent today. Unlike previous theorists, Horney viewed these neuroses as a sort of coping mechanism that is a large part of normal life. She identified ten neuroses, including the need for power, the need for affection, the need for social prestige, and the need for independence. She defined neurosis as the psychic disturbance brought by fears and defenses against these fears, and by attempts to find compromise solutions for conflicting tendencies. She also believed that in order to understand these neuroses, it was essential to look at the culture in which a person lived. Where Freud had suggested that many neuroses had a biological base, Horney believed that cultural attitudes played a role in determining these neurotic feelings. While Horney followed much of Sigmund Freuds theory, she disagreed with his views on female psychology. She rejected his concept of penis envy, declaring it to be both inaccurate and demeaning to women. Horney instead proposed the concept of womb envy in which men experience feelings of inferiority because they cannot give birth to children. Is not the tremendous strength in men of the impulse to creative work in every field precisely due to their feeling of playing a relatively small part in the creation of living beings, which constantly impels them to an overcompensation in achievement? Horney suggested. Major Contributions to Psychology Karen Horney made significant contributions to humanism, self-psychology, psychoanalysis, and feminine psychology. Her refutation of Freuds theories about women generated more interest in the psychology of women. Horney also believed that people were able to act as their own therapists, emphasizing the personal role each person has in their own mental health and encouraging self-analysis and self-help. Horney was a psychologist during a time when womens contributions were often overlooked and ignored. Despite the many obstacles that she faced as a woman in a field dominated by men, she became a prominent thinker who made important contributions to our understanding of human psychology. Selected Works Horney, K. (1967). Feminine Psychology, New York: W. W. Norton.Horney, K. (1942). Self-Analysis, New York: Norton.Horney, K. (1942). The collected works of Karen Horney (volume II). New York: W.W. Norton Company. Biographies Hitchcock, S. T. (2004) Karen Horney: Pioneer of Feminine Psychology, Chelsea House Publishers.Quinn, S. (1987). A mind of her own: The life of Karen Horney, New York: Summit Books.Rubins, J. L. (1978). Karen Horney: Gentle rebel of psychoanalysis, New York: The Dial Press. Further Reading Kelman, H. (1972). Power: the cultural approach of Karen Horney, SPSA, 20:71-82.Paris, B. (1994). Karen Horney: a psychoanalysts search for self-understanding., New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.Sayers, J. (1991). Mothers of Psychoanalysis. Helene Detsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, New York/London: W.W.Norton and Co.

Texas State Govt. 2306 Study notes, Question given on...

STATE GOVERNMENT (TEXAS) 2306 TEST QUESTIONS CHAPTERS 2-4 These Question are taken directly from a test given to my sophomore class at a Texas AM university. I hope that since the Professor is not listed it will discourage cheating, but still help studiers. Class Books: Texas Politics Individuals Making a Difference (and a reading book labeled Texas Politics pairs with above book) TEST 2-4 States are classified as megastates based on which on the following: -population, urbanization, and gross state product. The provisions of the Treaty of Velasco include the following: -the withdrawal of armed Mexican forces from Texas, recognition of Texas as independent of Mexico, and vast territorial claims made by Texas. The following†¦show more content†¦These activities are: -unfunded mandates Suppose that a factory in Texas causes pollution in parts of Louisiana. What term would be used to describe this effect: -a spill over effect The follow could be part of the Iron Triangle: -interest group representatives, congressional committees, and agency officials How does Texas rank in population size compared to the other 49 states: -Texas is the second-largest state in terms of population What are examples of vertical intergovernmental relationships: -the relationship between a city and state government, the relationship between a city and the nation government, and the relationship between state and national government. The residents of Hickory Creek, Texas become involved in trying to prevent construction of this type of facility: -a sports facility (soccer) The residents of Hickory Creek, opposed the construction of the Blue Sky facility for what reasons: -They had environmental concerns Local governments include the following: -municipalities, school districts, and airport authorities Loving county, the smallest county in Texas has how many county commissioners: -four Texas has how many counties: -two-hundred- fifty-four How are county commissioners chosen: They are elected from single member districts County Commissioners Court is made up of : -The four county commissioners and the county judge The chief law enforcement officer in a county

The Ethical Issues Of Real Estate Industry - 1112 Words

The ethical issues I may encounter while working as a professional in commercial real estate With the rapid change of the state of society as well as the development of technology, the real estate industry has transformed from traditional form like real estate broker into a systemic, organized industry, which provide the client with valuation; management; consultancy; transaction of real estates, commercial or residential. While the changing patterns of estate agency industry particularly in commercial real estate field, from the development of small-operated stores to franchise, corporations, has brought the change of society role and the change of customer expectations of real estate industry. Practitioners engaged in the real estate agency industry were under the cognitive of land or estate brokers, while which has more frequently treated as professionals. Thus, the estate industry in the society become more influential under the title evolution â€Å"professional intermediary . While due to the expansion of commercial real estate industry, the professionalism and visual ization of those practitioners as well as their ethic have drew increasingly attention from the community. The ethics and values of professional in commercial real estate field can affect the business operation, lack of which would result trade dispute and incur additional transaction cost. The ethical issues are arguably the consequence of conflict of interests between twoShow MoreRelatedEthics Are A Great Concern For Professionals1322 Words   |  6 Pageswill have a strong influence on its reputation and its success. Moral issues arise in business when individuals face a decision that involves choosing between the right and the wrong. However, as simple as it may sound, making the right choice is not an easy task since moral law is not written down like legal law, and consequently each individual has its own view on the matter (Jenman, 2014). 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Exam Study Guide Free Essays

The body which provides research support and bill-drafting assistance to legislators is the Legislative Council. District lines for the Texas legislature are drawn by the Texas Legislature. The authority to investigate and punish violations of Texas ethics laws is granted to the Texas ethics commission To understand the operations the Texas legislature, one must understand the power of the Correct Answer: c. We will write a custom essay sample on Exam Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now lieutenant governor and the speaker of the house. The Texas body that periodically evaluates state agencies and makes recommendations as to restructuring or abolishing such agencies is the Correct Answer: b. Sunset Advisory Commission. The Texas senate has how many members? Correct Answer: c. 31 A committee action that tables legislation, effectively killing it, is called Correct Answer: b. pigeonholing. A rule in the Texas senate which allows a senator to halt consideration of a bill for forty-eight hours is called Correct Answer: d. tagging. In the Texas senate, a bill placed on the calendar solely to assure a two-thirds vote on legislation is called a Correct Answer: a. blocking bill. The Texas legislature may override a governor’s veto by a Correct Answer: c. two-thirds vote of both houses. The political power of the Texas Lieutenant governor is largely based on Correct Answer: c. the rules of the Texas Senate. The Texas legislature has historically been organized on the basis of Correct Answer: b. conservative ideology. A procedure whereby a bill can be forced out of committee for consideration by the chamber as a whole is called Correct Answer: c. a discharge petition. The governor’s legislative power stems from all the following except his Correct Answer: a. authority to appoint committee chairs. When the senate forms itself into a committee of the whole, Correct Answer: d. simple majority is required to consider legislation. The Texas house committee which controls the budget requests of all other committees is the Correct Answer: c. Appropriations Committee. In Texas, the body responsible for reviewing the expenditures of state agencies is the Correct Answer: a. Legislative Audit Committee. A committee appointed to resolve differences between the house and s enate versions of a bill is known as a Correct Answer: d. conference committee. In practice, bills are taken off the Texas senate’s calendar for immediate consideration through a Correct Answer: a. suspension of the rules. Being a member of a board by virtue of holding another office is called Correct Answer: b. ex officio. A formal question to the chair regarding parliamentary procedure is known as a Correct Answer: c. point of order. Formal qualifications for membership in the Texas senate would not include Correct Answer: d. being at least 18 years of age. The selection of committee chairs in the Texas legislature is made on the basis of a Correct Answer: d. presiding officer appointment. The office responsible for giving opinions of law to state agencies is that of the Correct Answer: b. attorney general. The governor’s budget proposals are not as influential as those of the Correct Answer: d. Legislative Budget Board. Which of the following is an example of an ex officio board? Correct Answer: d. Texas Bond Review Board A mainly symbolic role of the Texas governor is that of Correct Answer: d. chief of state. If the Texas National Guard is called to active duty, a back up organization is the Correct Answer: c. Texas State Guard. The governor’s important bargaining tools are mainly Correct Answer: d. legislative. A role of the Texas governor not based on the constitution is that of Correct Answer: c. hief of party. The official who certifies the amount of income available for Texas’s biennial budget is the Correct Answer: d. Comptroller of Public Accounts. The individual responsible for administering the state tax system is the Correct Answer: c. Comptroller of Public Accounts. The â€Å"Iron Texas Star† consists of all the following except Correct Answer: b. the Texas electorate (voters). A formal role of the Texas governor based on the constitution is that of Correct Answer: d. commander-in-chief. The lieutenant governor of Texas is an ex officio member of all except the Correct Answer: b. Board of Pardons and Paroles. If the governor of Texas is removed from office before the end of his or her term, Correct Answer: c. the lieutenant governor succeeds. The annual salary of the governor of Texas is approximately $150,000 The attorney general of Texas is not required to Correct Answer: b. follow directives of the governor. Texas riverbeds, tidelands, bays and inlets are overseen by the Correct Answer: b. Commissioner of the General Land Office. An official who hears and investigates complaints by private individuals against public officials or agencies is called Correct Answer: b. an ombudsperson. The governor of Texas can be removed from office before the end of his or her term only by Correct Answer: d. Impeachment. Which of the following officials is appointed by the Texas governor? Correct Answer: c. Adjutant general, Texas National Guard The governor’s tools to influence the legislature include all the following except the Correct Answer: b. appointment of committee chairs. Which is probably the least significant informal qualification for Texas governor? Correct Answer: a. Age Which of the following is an appointed Texas executive position? Correct Answer: a. Commissioner, Health and Human Services How to cite Exam Study Guide, Essay examples

Service Marketing for McDonald †Free Sample Assignment

Question: Discuss about theService Marketingfor McDonald. Answer: Introduction The report focuses on the service organization- McDonalds and in this regard presents the blueprint of this organization. The rationale for studying this organization is its popularity and personal preference. Its front stage and back stage functions are described along with its decisive moments. The assignment illustrates the determinants of satisfaction/dissatisfaction for this service organization and using the relevant theories it discusses the service quality measurement and quality gaps in McDonald. Further, the paper presents the service recovery strategy plan for this organization to deal with various critical incidents. Background McDonalds is the popular and the largest restaurant in the world. This fastest growing global food service retailer is serving food and drink to less than one percent of the worlds population (Crawford 2015). This service organization has thirty thousand restaurants in one hundred and twenty countries. It attracts millions of customers with it high quality food both of vegetarian and non-vegetarian selections, excellent brand recognition and highly experienced management (Mehta and Mehta 2013). According to Thornton et al. (2016), McDonalds capitalizes on global opportunities with its unique global infrastructure and advanced operational system. It has earned the high score regarding individual learning, diversity and inclusion, people-centricity, and organizational learning. Blueprint of the Organization In this section, the organization and the service blueprint is presented which shows the operations carried out in McDonalds and is same for all the outlets. The service blueprints act as a platform, which is designed for effective decision-making (Block et al. 2013). It is recognized as a "customer-focused process" to identify the factors to deliver high quality service. This is a tool that helps determine ways to perform superior service and create optimal experiences for the clients (Namkung and Jang 2013). The figure below represents the blueprint of McDonalds. It is used to ensure all the factors are in place. It is used to detect the areas of service failure. It shows the various internal actors and inter-relationships between their various actions in customer service. The service blueprint constructed includes five aspects of the proposed service. These are consumer actions, front stage and backstage elements (discussed in subsequent sections), physical evidence and support pr ocesses (Yang 2012). The physical evidence is the external appearance of the restaurant and includes the layout, dcor, bins, tables and chairs, the electronic board displaying menu, and lighting, which are called as onstage elements. These are the first thing that a visitor observes at first glance. The backstage elements of the restaurant are the pots and pans (Dabholkar 2015). The support process in McDonalds is mainly comprised of the payment system. Figure: McDonalds service blueprint (Source: Yang 2012) The front stage operations of the restaurant involve customer actions, onstage technology actions, and onstage employee contact (Smagghe 2014). The customer actions in the restaurant involve selecting the food item from the large display of menu over the counter and stand in the queue to place an order. The customer makes payment, gets the order receipt and wait for the food to be prepared. They receive their order after which they pick up napkin and straws, choose the appropriate place to sit and leave the restaurant after they have finished, disposing of the plates in the dustbin. The role of the customer service staff is to greet and communicate with the visitors and assists them through a provision of information on new offer or combo meals or in making a food choice, followed by billing and payment. They need to provide the invoice of the transaction and includes the payments through coupons or vouchers. Some of the onstage staff is engaged serving the food and in cleaning the b ins and cans and safekeeping (Yang 2012). The staff is also instructed to collect customer feedback to meet their expectations. The detailed flow chart is given below. The front stage and the backstage functions occur simultaneously in the restaurant, and the interrelationship is illustrated in the above-given blueprint. Figure: McDonald's front stage functions (Source: created by author) The backstage functions of McDonalds involve maintenance of fresh stock of food (import of food products, daily purchase of fresh vegetables such as tomato and lettuce), monitoring the storage (frozen/frosting) conditions (proper refrigeration of perishable goods and soft drinks), safekeeping, updating online services (indirect staff-customer interaction) and menu boards, and cleaning of dining place and kitchen. The backstage members are chefs, prep staff and the cleaning crew (Bernhardt et al. 2013). Both the front and back stage staff are well trained to provide outstanding hospitality services and delivers food in less than one minute. The product managers involved in the backstage operations design websites with eye-catching images and attracting colors. They also introduce unique pricing strategy such as happy meal to improve the sales volume (See figure given below). Some of the staff is engaged in dcor and lighting to increase the footfalls (Alheritiere et al. 2016). Figure: McDonalds backstage functions (Source: created by author) Moments of Truth for this Service Organization The moments of truth occurs at a very instant when a contact (directly or indirectly by mail, phone or website) is made with the customer who then forms an opinion about the organization (Thornton et al. 2016). The opinion formed may be positive or negative depending on the client experiences. The ambiance in McDonald, appearance of staff, hospitality, and more are all the moments of truth (Rowley and McMurtrey 2016). The positive moments of truth include staffs attitude of politeness towards the visitors, clean environment, high quality of food, food variety, culture and very small waiting time which creates a positive image in mind of any customer of McDonald. Further, customers are pleased with the easy accessibility of all the outlets of McDonalds located in the popular areas with less traffic volume. The other positive moment of truth for the organization and its customers is the promotional pricing strategy that offers the discount of $20 on breakfast meals. The value pricing a nd bundling strategies increased customers base. For example, happy meal, family meal has enhanced the sales volume. The organization has been successful in creating outstanding customer experience by understanding the nature of entire service delivery process and its various stages exposed to the customers." For example, the customers are greeted by the guard and then by the staff at the counter every time of order placement, cleaning the table, and client interacting with the staff. These created the opportunity for the organization to win the customers in the long run as well. McDonalds self service-concept (placing an order and cleaning the left out food) is acknowledged by millions of customers (Bernhardt et al. 2013). Mc Donald involves in both exterior customer orientation and internal customer focus. It provides the customers to view its back operations creating more transparency in the process. This helped the organization create a successful service brand. This is evident, as most of the customers prefer eating at the restaurant than taking the parcel home (Cao and Kim 2015). Further McDonald has robust marketing strategies, its advertisements ending with Im loving it," emotional expressions and eye-catching images attract millions of customers (Crawford 2015). In service marketing, managing this moment of truth offers a great challenge to the organization. Determinants of Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction for this Service Organization According to Block et al. (2013), the most important aspect of the competitive business environment is customer satisfaction. Service quality is the factor critical to success in fast food restaurant (Alheritiere et al. 2013). The service quality measurement is used to perceive the client satisfaction of the services provided by the organization. Literature review presented with different instruments used to study service quality gap such as Expectancy-disconfirmation model (developed by Oliver in 1981), SERVQUAL (developed by Zeithaml in 1985), Answer Tree method and others to study the quality gaps (customers expectation and perception) in McDonalds (Dabholkar 2015). The research findings revealed that the three major determinants of client satisfaction at McDonald are "tasty food, good value and restaurant cleanliness." Additional factors are a location of store, attitude of staff, brand, and product promotion. Customers were mainly dissatisfied with product prices at McDonald. Th ese instruments have high reliability and validity. The theory of Expectancy-disconfirmation model is based on the fact that customers form their satisfaction with a target service by direct comparisons between their expectations and perceptions (Rowley and McMurtrey 2016). The theory of SERVQUAL model is also the same. The Means-end-model theory states that the perceived value of the customer" significantly affects the customer satisfaction. Alternately the "Behavioral intentions model" is used to determine customer satisfaction by assessing the behavior and intentions of customers (Mehta and Mehta 2013). The negative image in the mind of customers related to McDonald's includes the issues related to food content. The literature review provides evidence where this organization has been held responsible for increasing obesity in the US. It was found from the research findings of Zhao et al. (2014) that McDoanlds fast food contains high calories, fat and salt. Customers were dissatisfied when the organization was identified to use Trans-fat and beef oil that is harmful to health. The food inspectors investigated two of the special food items of McDonald, "Big macs and Chicken McNuggets and found them toxic (Cao and Kim 2015). Consuming this food may have serious health implications. According to Smagghe (2014), McDonald continues to sell this item in some of its outlets. Customers in Australia, UK, and the US have stopped eating at McDonald turning health conscious (Belk et al. 2014). The organization has been found accountable for a slaughter of hundreds of cows every year and destruct ion of rain forest for a production of beef. There has been a growing number of complaints against McDonald for failure in maintenance of hygiene and nutrition. It was accused of promoting food containing risk factor for cancer (Ramirez Millan 2014). This practice of the organization was considered unethical. The packaging system of McDonald is not environmentally friendly as it contains HFC-22 and is found to contribute to the ozone depletion, destroying mineral resources and natural habitats by cattle ranching (Namkung and Jang 2013). These issues have changed customers perception and expectation of McDonald. The organization is implementing practices to meet the demands and expectations of the customers by focusing on its current market trends to improve customer satisfaction. Service-Recovery Strategy Plan McDonald envisions giving its customer the worlds best quick service restaurant experience." The recovery plan to deal with some of the critical issues detailed above is discussed in this section. Firstly, McDonald must change its menu and incorporate balanced food taking consideration of the growing health issues. It must enhance the quality of food and taste. Secondly, the organization must improve its brand image by robust advertisements and by publishing its latest reports of food investigation that reflects the healthy content of foods (Dabholkar 2015). Thirdly, McDonald must adopt green packaging solutions to demonstrate its eco-friendly attitude. Fourthly, it must revise its policies and continue with its three key strategies which are- Focus more on recent market trends Focus on customers emotional, psychological and social perspectives and build strong relationship with them to meet their expectation Delivering its customers optional excellence in each restaurant understanding their expectations Leverage its strengths by using innovative plans and technology Expand its business and brand popularity to achieve enduring profitable growth (Alheritiere 2013). Fifthly, McDonalds must engage in market research as well frequent customer feedback practices on a regular basis. Sixthly, the business must participate in health promotion and environment protection campaign to fulfill its corporate social responsibility. Finally, the business must also evaluate the implemented changes on a regular basis (Crawford 2015). Conclusion The last decade showed that McDonald had undergone several changes. It can continue to be the winner in the market by overcoming its challenges and implementing right strategy. A quality service should mean exceeding clients expectation. The paper has discussed the history of McDonald along with its functions and the challenges in the market. The quality gaps in this organization have also been discussed. It has highlighted how the organization plans to overcome its challenge. References Alheritiere, A., Montois, S., Galinski, M., Tazarourte, K. and Lapostolle, F., 2013. The worldwide relation between the number of McDonald's restaurants and the prevalence of obesity.Journal of internal medicine,274(6), pp.610-611. Belk, K.E., Woerner, D.R., Delmore, R.J., Tatum, J.D., Yang, H. and Sofos, J.N., 2014. The meat industry: Do we think and behave globally or locally?.Meat science,98(3), pp.556-560. Bernhardt, A.M., Wilking, C., Adachi-Mejia, A.M., Bergamini, E., Marijnissen, J. and Sargent, J.D., 2013. How television fast food marketing aimed at children compares with adult advertisements.PLoS One,8(8), p.e72479. Block, J.P., Condon, S.K., Kleinman, K., Mullen, J., Linakis, S., Rifas-Shiman, S. and Gillman, M.W., 2013. Consumers estimation of calorie content at fast food restaurants: cross sectional observational study. Cao, Y. and Kim, K., 2015. How do customers perceive service quality in differently structured fast food restaurants?.Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management,24(1), pp.99-117. Crawford, A., 2015. McDonald's: A Case Study in Glocalization.Journal of Global Business Issues,9(1), p.11. Dabholkar, P.A., 2015. How to improve perceived service quality by increasing customer participation. InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 483-487). Springer International Publishing. Gerhardt, S., Hazen, S. and Lewis, S., 2014. Small Business Marketing Strategy Based on McDonald's.ASBBS Proceedings,21(1), p.271. Mehta, G.B. and Mehta, S.S., 2013. An observational field study of consumer behavior at mcdonalds.Business studies journal, p.19. Namkung, Y. and Jang, S.S., 2013. Effects of restaurant green practices on brand equity formation: Do green practices really matter?.International Journal of Hospitality Management,33, pp.85-95. Ramirez Millan, M., Wallace, L. and Conner, E., 2014. Net Zero Energy Analysis For Mcdonalds usa, LLC. Rowley, B. and McMurtrey, M.E., 2016. McDonald's and the Triple Bottom Line: A Case Study of Corporate Sustainability.Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability,11(1), p.33. Smagghe, D., 2014. Comment on letter to the editor from F. Lapostolle:Worldwide relation between the number of McDonald's restaurants and the prevalence of obesity.Journal of internal medicine,276(2), pp.199-200. Thornton, L.E., Ball, K., Lamb, K.E., McCann, J., Parker, K. and Crawford, D.A., 2016. The impact of a new McDonald's restaurant on eating behaviours and perceptions of local residents: A natural experiment using repeated cross-sectional data.Health place,39, pp.86-91. Yang, S.K., 2012. A study of customer participation on job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention.-The case of McDonalds Employees in Taipei. Zhao, M., Downey, G. and ODonnell, C.P., 2014. Detection of adulteration in fresh and frozen beefburger products by beef offal using mid-infrared ATR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis.Meat science,96(2), pp.1003-1011.

Single Parent Childhood Essay Example Essay Example

Single Parent Childhood Essay Example Paper Single Parent Childhood Essay Introduction The proportion of children living in single-parent families has increased noticeably around the world since 1960, and this increase has been particularly noteworthy in the United States. The United States has a higher proportion of single-parent households than that of any other developed country. The proportion of children in the United States living with merely one parent amplified from nine percent in 1960 to thirty percent in 1997. Although there are differences in the occurrence of single-parent families across ethnic groups, with nearly forty-seven percent of African American children living in single-parent families, this increase had an effect on all groups of Americans (U. S. Bureau of the Census, 2000). Given present divorce and remarriage trends, demographers envisage that more than half of all America’s children will spend some part of their formative years in a single-parent family.A broad range of research from sociologists and psychologists has revealed that chi ldren of single-parent families are more probable to have difficulties with emotional as well as psychological adjustment and with school performance and educational attainment, and they are as well more probable to have behavioral adjustment problems, later marriage, and earlier childbearing compared with children of two-parent families. Since single-parent children come into view more vulnerable to a wide variety of societal problems, these children have been regularly referred to as at risk for developmental difficulties. Though, new studies that have appeared within the past decade are raising questions regarding these families and whether or not children growing up in single-parent families are necessarily at risk, mainly in the child’s early years.To say that a child is at risk is a statistical statement, representing that, probabilistically speaking, children in single-parent families are usually more probable to have developmental difficulties than other children are. One of the causes children from single-parent families may be at risk is that single-parent families are as well disproportionately poor compared with other families. According to the research, no other major demographic group is so poor and no other group stays poor for so long. International studies demonstrate that poverty rates are higher among children in single-parent families than those in all other family types in every country studied.Data from the 2000 census point out that thirty-four percent of single-parent homes headed by a woman and sixteen percent of single-parent families headed by a man live in poverty. As a result of poverty alone, many children of single parents grow up in deteriorated and dangerous neighborhoods, frequently with inferior housing and educational systems. How much of the single-parent risk status is related to poverty and how much of the single-parent risk status is because of other factors too associated with single-parent families are questions with significant psychological and social policy implications.More and more, signs have emerged that perceptions and acceptance of single-parent families are changing. Increasingly single-parent families are emerging very obviously on the national scene, and the public has turn out to be more accustomed to seeing them. When Ingrid Bergman conceived a child out of wedlock in 1950, writers of the movie star columns were aghast, and Ingrid Bergman was efficiently blackballed for almost a decade from the American screen. In the 1990s, derision and concern greeted the television character Murphy Brown’s birth of her out-of-wedlock child. Though, in the year 2000, Madonna, a real-life rock star, birthed a baby son Rocco, and the event was greeted with as much joy and interest as the birth of any baby to a prominent rock star. Soon after Rocco’s birth, Madonna married the child’s father; there may have been more interest in Madonna’s following marriage than in the birth of her child. Could this be pinpointing of a changing view of nonmarital births? Could public perceptions of social clocks and developmental sequences of â€Å"first marriage, then baby carriage† be changing at the start of the twenty-first century? Could changes in public views of births to single parents as well be related to changes in our understanding of the risks related to growing up in a single-parent home?To untie the multiple factors that may be related to our understanding of whether or not children of single-parent families are at risk, it is essential to recognize the many similar and different characteristics of single-parent families. One of the most significant characteristics of single-parent families and their children is their heterogeneity. Though about half of all children growing up in single-parent families live in poverty, several do not. In the same way, contrary to stereotypical views and journalistic ravings, not all single-mother families are on welfare. While many single mothers draw funds from public assistance, more than half do not.The phenomenological experience of growing up in a single-parent family varies depending on the nature of the family, the experiences of the parent, plus the family context. Single parents may be divorced, widowed, or unmarried; they may be teenaged or older; they may have been previously married or not. Even though most single parents are women, the number of male single parents is increasing. While legally single, some parents classified by Census statisticians and researchers as single may be living in a committed, partnered relationship not lawfully acknowledged. These statistically single parents are frequently rearing their children in the context of a committed, partnered relationship. For some single parents, becoming a single parent could have been a planned and conscious decision; for others it was not.Some single parents may have chosen to have and to rear their children wi th another adult parent; they became single parents when this partnership did not work out, ensuing in divorce, separation, or widowhood. Further single parents may have decided to become parents knowing that they would be without partners. The unity across these varied types of single parents is that the parent does not have a legally married partner in the home. How these individuals came to be parents, the choices they made, as well as the experiences that were thrust on them, all have differential implications for their family’s life circumstances.Differences in how the parents came to be single parents have an effect on individuals’ employment, their financial circumstances, their relationships with other adults, their involvement with their child, and their competence as parents. The etiology of the parent’s single parenthood as well may have implications for the child’s perceptions and experiences growing up. For instance, imagine that ten children from different types of single-parent families are brought together to talk about their experiences. They would explain many common experiences, such as not having enough money, missing their mothers or fathers, plus problems getting along with their single parent. These concerns, though, do not differ from those of children living in all families. Those issues that are sole to single-parent families are issues for which there are large individual differences across single-parent families. Depending on their age, children from lately divorced single-parent families might talk of anger at their parents’ separation, of fights between mom and dad over custody and child support, and regarding what happens on dad’s day for visitation.Some children of divorce may wonder why dad and mom are not living together anymore; others may be relieved to be free lastly from the marital discord. Children of widowed single parents may be mourning their parent’s loss, while childr en of adolescent single mothers may have difficulty with mom’s inexperienced as well as immature ways and wonder when mom will ever finish going to school. Children of never-married mothers might wonder about their father, who he is, and what he is like. Some children may be confused regarding who their fathers are, and why they are not around, while other children, although a minority, may be learning to live without a mother. Some children may feel isolated and alone, while others are living in cramped households, with not too much in the way of material goods however plenty of people to be with and love. Researchers need to unravel these various psychological experiences to recognize what it is about the single-parent family that might contribute to the at-risk status of these children.Children are often less cared for and more overburdened by accountabilities following divorce. Needy, distressed, lonely, or angry parents possibly will force children into the role of serva nt, caretaker, adviser, confidant, helper, defender, or arbitrator. Some accountability and nurturing of others may improve development and show the way to more responsible, competent, empathic behavior in adulthood, particularly in daughters. Excessively high demands may show the way to competence and responsibility accompanied by feelings of self-doubt, sadness, low self-esteem, a lurking sense of failure, and apprehension regarding performance and personal adequacy in young adult daughters. In analyses of adjustment, divorced girls were more probable than nondivorced girls to fall into a cluster labeled â€Å"Competent at a cost,† typified by low antisocial behavior, high social and cognitive agency, and high social accountability however as well by elevated depression and low self-worth. Girls with highly emotionally parentifying mothers were overrepresented in this cluster.Boys are less probable to be leaned on for emotional support by parents, and moderate levels of bot h instrumental and emotional parentification can augment accountability in adult sons. Though, boys are more sensitive than girls to emotional parentification by fathers and are more probable to resist, rebel, and withdraw from the family when extreme paternal emotional parentification or instrumental parentification occurs, while they also are often anxious and depressed. Although divorced parents may lean on children, children cannot resolve their parents’ problems or save a lonely, unhappy, angry, or distressed parent. The costs to children may be great in the loss of normal childhood experiences and pleasures and opportunities for individuation and liberty from an entangled relationship. (Gringlas, M., and Weinraub, M, 1995) Single Parent Childhood Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Definition and Examples of Meronyms and Holonyms

Definition and Examples of Meronyms and Holonyms In semantics, a  meronym is a word that denotes a constituent part or a member of something. For example, apple is a meronym of apple tree (sometimes written as appleapple tree). This part-to-whole relationship is called meronymy. Adjective: meronymous. Meronymy is not just a single relation but a bundle of different part-to-whole relationships. The opposite of a meronym is a holonym- the name of the whole of which the meronym is a part. Appletree is a holonym of apple (apple treeapple). The whole-to-part relationship is called holonymy. Adjective: holonymous. EtymologyFrom the Greek, part name Examples and Observations [I]n one context finger is an appropriate meronym of hand, and in other cases flesh is an appropriate meronym of hand. Finger and flesh, however, are not co-meronyms of hand, since different relational criteria (functional part versus material) are applied in each case.(M. Lynne Murphy, Semantic Relations and the Lexicon: Antonymy, Synonymy and Other Paradigms. Cambridge University  Press, 2003)​ Types of Meronym Relationships At one level meronyms can be divided into two types:  necessary and optional (Lyons 1977), otherwise called canonical and facilitative (Cruse, 1986). An example of a necessary meronymy is eyeface. Having an eye is a necessary condition of a well-formed face, and even if it is removed, an eye is still a face part. Optional meronymy includes examples like cushionchair- there are chairs without cushions and cushions that exist independently of chairs. (Concise Encyclopedia of Semantics, ed. by  Keith Allan. Elsevier, 2009)Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items. Thus cover and page are meronyms of book. . . .Meronyms vary . . . in how necessary the part is to the whole. Some are necessary for normal examples, for example, nose as a meronym of face; others are usual but not obligatory, like collar as a meronym of shirt; still, others are optional like cellar for house.(John I. Saeed, Semantics, 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003)In many ways, meronymy is significantly more complicated than hyponymy. The Wordnet databases specify three types of meronym relationships:(Jon Orwant, Games, Diversions, and Perl Culture. OReilly Associates, 2003) Part meronym: a tire is part of a carMember meronym: a car is a member of a traffic jamSubstance (stuff) meronym: a wheel is made from rubber​ Synecdoche and Meronym/Holonymy The two commonly  acknowledged variants of synecdoche, part for the whole (and vice versa) and genus for species (and vice versa), find their correspondence in the linguistic concepts of meronymy/holonymy and hyponymy/hypernymy. A meronym denotes a word or other element that together with other elements constitutes a whole. Thus, bark, leaf, and branch are meronyms of the holonym tree. A hyponym, on the other hand, denotes a word that belongs to a subset whose elements are collectively summarized by a hypernym. Thus, tree, flower, bush are hyponyms of the hypernym plant.  A first observation to be made here  is that these two concepts describe relationships on different levels: meronymy/holonymy describes a relationship between  elements of material objects.  It is the referential object leaf  which in extralingual reality  forms a part of the whole tree. Hyponymy/hypernymy, by contrast,  refers to a relationship between concepts. Flowers and trees are jointly classif ied as plants. but in extralingual reality, there is no plant that consists of flowers and trees.  In other words, the first relationship is extralingual, the second relationship is conceptual. (Sebastian Matzner,  Rethinking Metonymy: Literary Theory and Poetic Practice From Pindar to Jakobson. Oxford University Press,  2016)

The Impact of Technology on Education Research Paper

The Impact of Technology on Education - Research Paper Example In the present world,technology has an influence on almost every field of life.However,there are some fields where the impact of technology is more apparent than others.As Thadani states,â€Å"the latest developments in technology can be seen and felt in many industries,but there are some areas that have been benefited more than others† Some of those fields include long distance communication, nursing and healthcare, product design and manufacturing, ecommerce, and education. In this paper, we will discuss the impact of technology on education. The aim is to know how different technologies are making educational system more interactive and beneficial for teachers and learners. Education and technology are directly related to each other. Education feeds technology, which in turn, serves education (Fodje). Technology has become an essential part of all educational systems (Pratt). The reason is that the use of technology in classrooms has opened up a way towards an interactive l earning environment for students where they have an easy access to knowledge. In the present world, the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education has become extremely important because of the wide range of benefits associated with it. In the field of education, ICT supports both teachers and learners in exchanging information and knowledge in such a way that communication distances between students and teachers become shorter and access to knowledge becomes easy.... Having discussed the need for using technology in educational sector, let us now discuss some of the ways technology is making the processes of teaching and learning easier for teachers and students respectively. Smart Boards Smart boards help teachers in presenting lectures to large audiences using big white screens. This technology not only benefits teachers in communicating knowledge to students but also helps students in learning the knowledge. Students usually take more interest in studies when their teachers make use of technology for knowledge transfer. As Dekunder states, â€Å"SMART Boards, which are made by SMART Technologies of Canada, are interactive whiteboards that are mounted to a wall, like a chalkboard, and connected to a computer and projector† (1). Here, an important point to mention is that smart board is a newer a technology than ordinary projectors. Using ordinary projectors, teachers cannot make any changes to the display being shown on the screen, where as smart boards have a touch sensitive screen using which one can touch the text and can make changes wherever needed. Smart boards play a major role in creating an interactive learning environment. Another advantage of using smart boards is that teachers do not need to sit behind the computer system all the time while delivering lectures; rather they can move in front of the white screen of smart board to edit the data or to move to the next page or slide. The impact of every technology is positive for education considering the ease they provide to both teachers and students. Smart board is one of those technologies the demand of which is increasing in the educational sector with every passing day because of their reliable and high

Child Labour and Nikes Views on it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Child Labour and Nikes Views on it - Essay Example Furthermore, because countries independently regulate child employment there is no uniform custom to draw on in this area at all. Accordingly, the scope of what is and isn't child labor is unclear. This will become evident in the discussion below. The starting point for defining child labor is to ask who, in this context, is a child? The difficulty encountered in answering this question highlights one of the most fundamental problems of regulating child labor and goes to the heart of the dilemma of determining when it is acceptable for a child to work. Child labor is considered abhorrent because a child of a certain age does not have the maturity to make decisions or exercise her free will, and is especially physically and psychologically vulnerable (Forastieri, 2002). Defining Labor Defining "labor," in the context of child labor, is almost as difficult as defining a "child." Some practices can be easily identified as labor; mine and factory work are obvious examples. Other practice s, however, are harder to define, and the process of drawing a line between work that is acceptable and work that is not is a tricky one. Whether or not a child is engaged in "labor" must depend on the type of work the child is doing, the effect it has on her, and the amount of time she is expected to spend doing the work (i.e., does it interfere with her education). Whether a child is being paid, or is working in or for the family, does not alter the fact that she may be engaged in labor.... Child labor is considered abhorrent because a child of a certain age does not have the maturity to make decisions or exercise her free will, and is especially physically and psychologically vulnerable (Forastieri, 2002). Defining Labor Defining "labor," in the context of child labor, is almost as difficult as defining a "child." Some practices can be easily identified as labor; mine and factory work are obvious examples. Other practices, however, are harder to define, and the process of drawing a line between work that is acceptable and work that is not is a tricky one. Whether or not a child is engaged in "labor" must depend on the type of work the child is doing, the effect it has on her, and the amount of time she is expected to spend doing the work (i.e., does it interfere with her education). Whether a child is being paid, or is working in or for the family, does not alter the fact that she may be engaged in labor. All that changes in the different scenarios are the obligations of states. Indeed, although states are only specifically required to regulate employment, they are obligated to protect children from all work that interferes with the child's education or is otherwise harmful to the child. Child labor In the past decade, the issue of child labor has attracted increasing attention. In times past, the topic has been the focus of action at both the national and international levels, but it has never been an issue of major concern. However, since the mid-1980s, the world has paid greater attention to its most voiceless inhabitants. The adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) by the General Assembly in 1989 illustrates this general trend. In addition to enumerating new rights, the

Work Of Barney J Contribute To Hrm Management Essay

Work Of Barney J Contribute To Hrm Management Essay In 1991, Jay B. Barney authored a journal entitled Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. The literatures main argument is that sustained competitive advantage can be obtained if the firm effectively and efficiently utilize its resources and capabilities that are valuable, rare, inimitable and non-substitutable (Barney 1991). This view of strategic analysis was regarded as the resource-based view (RBV) and different from what has been the customary external environment analysis which was exemplified in Porters five forces of competition (Porter 1979). Thus, focus was given to the strengths and weaknesses of a firm as much as the opportunities and threats of the external environment as the source of competitive advantage and foundation for creating strategies (Grant 2008). The RBV has been considered by many authors as contributing to the wider fields of study about resources and sustained competitive advantage (CITE) including human resources management. Hence, the focus of this literature is on the above mentioned work of Jay Barney and its contribution in the field of Human Resource Management (HRM) and the relationship of Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM) with sustained competitive advantage. The essay will be presented accordingly in three parts. First is a discussion of the theories presented in Barneys work as regards RBV. Second are the ramifications of the RBV theory to the concept of HRM and SHRM. And last is a reflection on the limitations or critiques regrading RVB and the things to come for the study of SHRM. THE RESOURCE BASED VIEW OF THE FIRM At the onset, literatures regarding strategy and sustained competitive advantage were focused mostly on the external analyses of opportunities and threats in the environment of the industry for some time (Barney 1991). Porters five forces of competition exemplifies this focus of a firms position in relation to its external environment. Accordingly, strategies and sources of competitive advantage were made based on the analysis of the firms competition within its industry, the threats of new entrants, the threat of substitute products, the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers (Porter 1979). However, Peteraf (1993, p. 186) acknowledges that competitive advantage is not the product of varying industry attractiveness alone and that the RVB is a factor that contributed to such an understanding. Competitive advantage as described by Pralahad and Hamel (1990) is the product or result of several years of building core competencies that are superior to its rivals, and applying these compe tencies more effectively than its competitors and that the length of time to build core competencies and obtain competitive advantage is also relative to the capacity of firms to learn and apply learning more effectively. The foregoing explanation of CA thus foresees that resources intrinsic to a firm or firm resources are sources of SCA. With Barneys work, emphasis was given to a varying perspective towards strategy in which sustained competitive advantage is achievable if the firm takes advantage of resources that are valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable (Barney 1991). According to Barney (1995, p. 50), resources of a firm include all the financial, physical, human, and organizational assets used by a firm [and] human resources include all the experience, knowledge, judgement, risk taking propensity, and wisdom of individuals associated with the firm. Grant (2008, p. 131) further classifies resources into three: 1) tangible resources these are the financial and physical assets of a firm; 2) intangible resources which are the technology, reputation and culture possessed by the organisation; and 3) human resources which encompass the skills, knowledge, capacity for communication and collaboration, and the motivation that exists within the firm. All of these resources with the aforementioned characteris tics, when utilized effectively and efficiently through a firms organisation, systems and knowledge can be a source of sustained competitive advantage (Barney, Wright, Ketchen 1991). Based on the rationalisations mentioned, human resources are likewise potential sources of sustained competitive advantage. THE RESOURCE BASED VIEW AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT In his work, Barney consequently recognizes the importance of the RBV theory in the field of HRM, and that human resources can be valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable, and therefore become sources of sustained competitive advantage. Aside from specific human resources, policies and practices in HRM are valuable and inimitable since these resources cannot be easily replicated and requires a substantial period of time to get established (Barney 1991; Boxall 1996). Another characteristic of human resources is that of being rare or unique individually and as a group, for which Grant (2008) stresses that the key to competitive advantage is to exploit the firms unique resources, since strategies purely based on industry selection and positioning results in similar strategies among firms in an industry. These characteristics which epitomize RBV theory in Barneys work has been instrumental in providing the appropriate attention deserved by human resources in strategic planning, which leads to the notion of Strategic HRM (Wright, Dunford and Snell 2001). Further explanation provided by Pynes (2009, p. 31) is that SHRM is based on the assumption that in a dynamic environment, organizations need to be dynamic as well, this necessitates the need to acquire realistic information on the capabilities and talents of their current staff-in essence, their human resources. However, while RBV theorizes that competitive advantage can be sourced from the firms human resources, it is not solely the foundation from which profitability can be obtained in as much as a firms position in an industry cannot also be the sole source of competitive advantage. Competitive advantage and sustained competitive advantage can be attained by combining the customary external analysis, industry positioning and attractiveness with that of the analysis of the organizations internal resources (Collis Montgomery 1995). Through SHRM in particular, organizations can be better equipped to plan their human resource requirements in accord with the current needs within the organizations as well as with the present situation in the external environment (Pynes 2009). In essence, Barneys work has become a foundation from which HRM and SHRM gained prominence in the study of strategy and sustained competitive advantage. (Wright, Dunford, and Snell 2001) THE RVB, ITS LIMITATIONS AND CRITIQUES Priem and Butler (2001), provides a well acknowledge critique of the RBV literature offered by Barney about the RBV a theory. The critique is summarised in four areas wherein Barney offered counter arguments for each. Barney categorises Priem and Butlers (2001) assessments as: 1) the RBV theory is tautological; 2) failure to recognize that the composition of resources however diverse can generate similar value for a firm, and as such, cannot be a source of competitive advantage; 3) the 1991 article failed to give emphasis to the role of product markets; and 4) the theories derived has limited prescriptive implications. (Barney 2001, p. 41) These critiques, limitations, and assessments relating to various RBV literature, and in Barneys work in particular, has led to the increasing popularity of concepts such as knowledge management, learning organisations, flexible workforce and teamwork (Hartel, Fujimoto, Strybosch, Fitzpatrick, 2007, p. 14) Thus, giving groundwork from which further and more intricate study has evolved. CONCLUSION To sum up, the foregoing discussions presented Barneys 1991 work emphasising on resources that are rare, valuable, inimitable, and non-substitutable as foundations of sustained competitive advantage. More importantly, it has provided a backdrop from which due importance was given to the human resources of a firm in strategy formulation and contributed immensely to the notion of strategic HRM. Wright, Dunford, and Snell (2001) considers Barneys propositions on the sources of sustained competitive advantage as an influential in making or shaping the RBV premise significant in the context of strategy and in SHRM as well. For the future of RBV and SHRM, the articles critiques and limitations have instigated further study of the RBV theory and likewise opened new horizons for research in the field of HR and SHRM. Thus it is adequate and appropriate to say that the RBV theory which was emphasized in Barneys work contributed in the shift from strategy based on external factors and brought t o view the internal competencies and human resources of a firm in formulating strategies (Hartel, Fujimoto, Strybosch, Fitzpatrick, 2007, p. 14). There is a great depth of field for study and research in HRM and SHRM for which the RBV theory is relevant and a vital resource, future researches is definitely and will be very important to further appreciate and understand the relevance and essence of human resources in an organization. Annex A: Summary and Assessment of critiques to the Resource-Based View (RVB) (Kraaijenbrink, Spender, and Aard 2010, p. 360) Critique Assessment 1) The RBV has no managerial implications. Not all theories should have managerial implications. Through its wide dissemination, the RVB has evident impact. 2) The RBV implies infinite regress. Applies only to abstract mathematical theories. In an applied theory such as the RBV, levels are qualitatively different. 3) The RVBs applicability is too limited. Generalizing about uniqueness is not impossible by definition. The RBV applies to small firms and start-ups as well, as long as they strive for an SCA. Path dependency is not problematic when not taken to the extreme. The RBV applies only to firms in predictable environments. 4) SCA is not achievable By including dynamic capabilities, the RBV is not purely static, though it only explains ex post, not ex ante, sources of SCA. Although no CA can last forever, a focus on SCA remains useful. 5) The RBV is not a theory of the firm. The RBV does not sufficiently explain why firms exist. Rather than requiring it to do so, it should further develop as a theory of SCA and leave additional explanations of firm existence to TCE. 6) VRIN/O is neither necessary nor sufficient for SCA. The VRIN/O criteria are not always necessary and not always sufficient to explain a firms SCA. The RBV does not sufficiently consider the synergy within resource bundles as a source of SCA. The RBV does not sufficiently recognize the role that judgment and mental models of individuals play in value assessment and creation. 7) The value of a resource is too indeterminate to provide for useful theory. The current conceptualization of value turns the RBV into a trivial heuristic, an incomplete theory, or a tautology. A more subjective and creative notion of value is needed. 8) The definition of resource is unworkable. Definitions of resources are all inclusive. The RBV does not recognize differences between resources as inputs and resources that enable the organization of such inputs. There is no recognition of how different types of resources may contribute to SCA in a different manner. Lastly, Kraaijenbrink, Spender, and Aard (2010) have summed up the critiques as regards the RVB and offered evaluation and counterarguments to each (see Annex A). Among the eight critiques cited, three of which were acknowledged as not easily dismissible as the other five. The three assessments were concerned about the nature of resource and value as being indeterminate and the narrow explanation of a firms SCA. Another weakness in the RBV theory was the prominence of the attention given to individual resources compared to the importance of the conglomeration of individual resources and, which according to Kraaijenbrink, Spender, and Aard, does not reflect the real meaning of competitive advantage. (2010, p. 359)

Wawa Research Paper

The top of the hierarchy was still under development but included sales/production, forecasting and replenishment system. In the middle was an under development strategic sourcing program. At the bottom was the operational master data set: articles files for warehousing, ordering, pricing and scanning up to 45000 SSW. This technology was used to keep records of inventory, orders being processed for suppliers and keep records of the past months orders, which could be used as information to make many Important decisions.An important part of the new IT architecture was the Introduction of Dif (Demand Influencing factors). This system would forecast the changes (holidays, promotions and weather) and factor these changes Into the recommended order that It generates for the stores. Way also started selling gas as convenience stores when it comes to gasoline procurement. In the past they had seven or eight carriers that monitored the gas supply in their assigned stores through technology an d they communicated once a day and these carriers did everything for Way.The technology strategy required Way to unite WBI, NCSC and the Fresh Channel integrated under one banner to create a competitive advantage and be cost- effective. The IT strategy was effective for Way. The Dif that would automatically take demand influencing factors into account and forecast and replenish the system. This system saved a lot of time, energy, and effort for the store managers as rather than having to remember the fact that something is on promotion next week or that the demand has changed due weather/holidays this system takes all the factors into consideration and generates a recommended order.This gives the store manager more time to focus on many different things. In my belief their gas supply strategy was very effective. Way had an advantage when it came to gas distribution as they never owned a gasoline truck and never hired a gasoline driver or invested money in logistics. They were virtua l when it came to gas distribution. The store managers never had to worry that the fuel would run out; they Just had to focus on selling it. I think this system increased Haw's profit margins for selling fuel, as they did not have a lot of capital investment.Their strategies in technology helped the firm become more customer focused, which was their mission to simplify daily lives of people. Way technology strategies helped in reducing a lot of workload for the workers in the store so they could concentrate on customers. Way was in the process of developing a new systematic supply chain as their egoistic had reached capacity and their vendors had been inconsistent in supplying the stores. Way wanted to own the software but not the hardware. They wanted a consolidated facility, owned and operated by a third party.If they wanted to build their own distribution centre, it would have cost them at least the equivalent of 10 to 11 new stores. Way choose Mclean Company of Texas, as they we re by far there largest convenience store distributor in the country. They were in a strategic â€Å"100 – 100 partnership†. NCSC was a 220,000 square-feet building and had 5 different imperative zones. The NCSC used to dispatch trucks between 1 am and 4:mama and every store had consistent deliveries with a 2-hour EAT. This allowed the management to plan for enough labor so they could shelf the products upon arrival.In the convenience story industry many of Haw's competitors did not realize that delivery timings were affecting their customers. It has happened to me a number of times when I go to a 7-11 and if they are getting a delivery their parking lot will be full and the store will be over crowded and understaffed as most the workers are emphasizing on shelving he items instead of paying attention to customers. NCSC handled 1800 SKU and it turned over products in ten days. Although Way owned the inventory, Mclean use to do everything for Way.They used to give order s to the vendors, manage inventory and inform Way how much they owe to the vendors. NCSC was able to such that all the Way stores could be reached in a day. Way did not want to waste capital on building their own facility as their competitors suffered by doing so. NCSC had only 6 Way employees and their Job was to maintain relations between Haw's marketing department and Mclean merchandising department. This also is a very important lesson for their competitors, as they also should maintain good relations with their distributors because one party cannot succeed at the expense of others.Bluebells stated that the relationship is like a marriage. Most employees of Way and Mclean consider this a strategic partnership and their partnership was a testimony for other players in the industry. NCSC was impressive in the technological aspect also. It promised to be an impressive array of third party logistics, cross docking, virtual management and mutual adjustment within and amongst organiza tions. Operations in NCSC and Fuel supply were meticulously choreographed, tightly coupled and highly efficient..Outsourcing this process, like the NCSC and Fuel channel, to experienced companies would allow Way to develop an efficient distribution network at a significantly less cost, and concentrate the majority of their resources on the customers. Haw's SCM going forward was quite impressive as well. They were going to implement the fresh channel. Fresh channel would be a central kitchen where food items could be prepared which were previously made in stores. This was done in order to maintain uniformity and increase the flexibility. Way has one of the most impressive and effective distribution channels in the industry.Going forward I think the company should continue its traditions of giving the customer more importance. Way should find another company like Mclean or offer Mclean a contract for another location so they could expand on their stores and be NCSC was expected to las t until 2012 but it is already full at the moment, which gives the organization very little room for growth. The Fuel Channel is one of Haw's best supply channel so I think they could add more gas stations to their stores as I have seen many Haw's thou gas stations.This would help the company expand their market and geographical radius. I think Way should also have websites or mobile phone applications, which tell the customers about the number of people in the store or the approximate waiting time. They should also let customers order their food from their kitchen freshly made in the store online. I consider Way to be green to an extent as they have reduced their number of truck deliveries and Fuel channels do not even use one truck. Way is virtual in gas distribution. Way could start using recycled labels on their private products.

1993 Ap Us History Dbq

During the 17th century there were many colonies settled in the New World. One thing most of these colonies had in common is the fact that almost all of them were settled by the English. If one were to focus mostly on the New England and Chesapeake colonies, one would find that although they were settled by similar people, they ended up splitting for very different reasons. The New England colonies were searching for religious freedom from the Church of England, whereas the Chesapeake colonies were striving for economic growth.The New England colonies consisted of the settlements of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Connecticut Colony, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and Province of New Hampshire. Most, if not all, of these colonies were mainly settled by religious motivation. They did not want to be told by what means they could or could not worship, that was the reason they left England in the first place. Now in this new world they were being given the same rules. They w anted to control their cities by the rules of God that they believed.They wanted to elect their own faithful minister to make the laws and divide up their real estate (Doc D). They also wanted to follow John Winthrop’s idea of a model puritan city, the â€Å"City on a Hill† (Doc A). The first name on a list of emigrants coming to the New England was Joseph Hull of Somerset, he was a Minister. His name was the very first name on the list, therefore his name was the most prominent name on the list, and he was a minister (Doc B). This shows that the New England colonist truly respected members of the clergy.The Chesapeake colonies were settled for very different reasons. They were mainly settled for economic development and prosperity. In many of the Chesapeake colonies, such as Connecticut, the prices and wages were set and agreed upon by the court. They did not have any religious figures decided laws or actions to carry them out. Many of the tradesmen, as well as the la borers, in Connecticut were told to â€Å"consider the religious ends of their calling† and to â€Å"[not] live in the practice of that crying sin of oppression, but avoid it† (Doc E).This means that they were told to end their religious practices but to also avoid the life of sin. By doing this, they made room for more work which would in turn help the settlement prosper economically. There were also many plantations in the Chesapeake colonies. These plantations grew tobacco which inclined many workers to uphold the demand. This helped to draw in many English workers, as well as African Slaves, which ended up helping the economic growth of the colony overall. Lastly, both settlements were colonized by two different types of people, with extremely different motives.The Chesapeake colonies, such as Virginia and Maryland, were colonized by single men looking for the potential development of economic growth, and the ability to make a profit. Whereas the New England Coloni es, such as Rhode Island, were colonized by family men looking for a place where their family could be free from religious oppression. Virginia was colonized by John Smith, a single man who saw the opportunity to make some money and did everything in his power to keep the colony alive in order to do so.Maryland was colonized by Lord Baltimore, another single man who granted real estate to his friends which paved the way for economic growth. Although the New England colonies and the Chesapeake colonies were both settled by Englishmen, they split for very different, but equally legitimate reasons. The New England colonies were searching for religious freedom from the Church of England, whereas the Chesapeake colonies were striving for economic growth.

Coca Cola s Success And Expansion - 928 Words

Is a common fact that Coca-Cola is very large corporation and it’s been in business for over 129 years. Coca-Cola’s success and expansion has been thanks to their pioneer business methods from coupons, bottling system, ways of distribution to marketing strategies. The main reason this company had ben able to stage afloat during all these years is because Coca-Cola believes it’s its own competition. They are always researching and innovating their own products. Also Coca-Cola has a great marketing strategy by being physically in a lot of countries. Every year Coca-Cola designs easier ways for their consumers to be able to reach and purchase its products by distributing its product through vending machines, charity causes, stands, etc. Since 1955 Coca-Cola has been a soda provider to one of the largest fast food chain companies McDonalds. Throughout the years Coca-Cola has learn the key to its expansion is within our own worldwide community. [Coke and McDonald†™s, Growing Together Since 1955] In Coca-Cola’s â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility Report† of the years 2011 Coca-Cola defines sustainability as â€Å" ensure the long-term viability of our business by being proactive and innovative in protecting the environment and be recognized as one of the most responsible corporate citizens by all stakeholder.† A way to reach its objectives is targeting the environment, marketplace, workplace and the community. In 2013 Coca-Cola announced a partnership with U.S Department of AgricultureShow MoreRelatedCoca Col The Business Of Making And Selling Drinks That People Love991 Words   |  4 PagesCoca-Cola is in the business of making and selling drinks that people love, but they want to do it in a way that takes care in the world around us by saving natural resources, cutting down on waste and reducing greenhouse gases. 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